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backpropagation

The process of propagating gradients backward through the network using the chain rule.

ProgrammingHow PyTorch backward() Propagates Gradients to Params

Technical explanation of how PyTorch autograd and backward() build the dynamic graph and accumulate gradients into linear layer weights and biases for SGD.

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ProgrammingTensorFlow Backprop: Mixed Real & Complex Functions

Learn how TensorFlow handles backpropagation through mixed real and complex-valued functions using Wirtinger derivatives, GradientTape, and complex-aware ops. Covers chain rule, domain boundaries, and practical tips for CVNNs in comms systems.

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